Bitewe n'iterambere ry'abantu n'iterambere ry'umuryango, ibyo abantu basabwa ku myenda si imirimo yoroshye gusa, ahubwo ni no kwita cyane ku mutekano n'ubuzima bwabo, kurengera ibidukikije bihumanya ikirere ndetse no ku bidukikije. Muri iki gihe, iyo abantu bashyigikiye ikoreshwa ry'imyenda mu buryo busanzwe n'ibidukikije, umutekano w'imyenda warushijeho gukurura abantu benshi. Ikibazo cyo kumenya niba imyenda yangiza umubiri w'umuntu cyabaye kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi abantu bitaho usibye imiti n'ibiribwa.
Imyenda yerekeza ku myenda karemano n'imyenda ya chimique nk'ibikoresho fatizo, binyuze mu kudoda, kuboha, gusiga irangi n'irindi koranabuhanga ryo gutunganya cyangwa kudoda, ikoranabuhanga rivanze n'irindi kandi rikozwe mu bicuruzwa. Harimo imyenda y'imyenda, imyenda y'imitako, imyenda y'inganda.
Imyenda irimo:(1) imyenda y'ubwoko bwose; (2) imyenda y'ubwoko bwose ikoreshwa mu gukora imyenda; (3) imyenda yo kwambara, gupfunyika, kuzuza, imitako, imitako n'ibindi bikoresho by'imyenda.
Imyenda yo gushushanya irimo: (1) ibikoresho byo mu nzu – amarido (amarido, amarido), imyenda yo ku meza (amakabutura, igitambaro cyo ku meza), imyenda yo mu nzu (sofa y'ubugeni y'imyenda, igipfundikizo cy'ibikoresho), imitako y'imbere (imitako y'igitanda, tapi); (2) Ibiryamirwa (igitambaro cyo ku buriri, igipfundikizo cy'igitambaro, agasakoshi k'umusego, igitambaro cyo ku musego, nibindi); (3) Ibintu byo hanze (amahema, imitaka, nibindi).
I. Imikorere y'umutekano w'imyenda
(1) Ibisabwa ku miterere y'umutekano w'ibicuruzwa. Ibipimo by'ingenzi ni ibi bikurikira:
1.Gutuza kw'ibipimo: ahanini bigabanyijemo igipimo cy'impinduka mu gusukura byumye n'igipimo cy'impinduka mu gusukura byumye. Bivuga igipimo cy'impinduka mu bipimo by'imyenda nyuma yo kumesa cyangwa gusukura byumye hanyuma ikanikwa. Ubwiza bw'impinduka mu bipimo bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku giciro cy'imyenda n'ingaruka z'imyenda yo kwambara.
2.Imbaraga zo gukuraho imyenda: mu makoti, amakoti n'amashati, umwenda utwikiriwe n'urupapuro rw'umugozi rudafunze cyangwa uruvange rw'umugozi rufunze, ku buryo umwenda ugira ubukana n'imbaraga bikwiranye, mu gihe bituma abaguzi batarushaho guhindagurika no kuva mu buryo bwo kwambara, bigatuma imyenda ihinduka nk' "amagufwa" y'umwenda. Muri icyo gihe, ni ngombwa kandi gukomeza imbaraga zo gukuraho imyenda hagati y'urupapuro rw'umugozi n'umwenda nyuma yo kwambara no kumesa.
3. Gupima: Gupima ingano y'igitambaro nyuma yo gushwanyagurika. Isura y'igitambaro irushaho kuba mbi nyuma yo gupima, ibyo bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bwiza.
4. Kudoda cyangwa kudoda ubudodo: uburyo ntarengwa bwo kunyerera kw'ubudodo kure y'umugozi w'urutoki iyo umugozi w'urutoki urimo gukomereka no kurambura. Muri rusange yerekeza ku rugero rw'ubudozi bw'imigozi y'ingenzi y'imyenda nk'umugozi w'amaboko, umugozi w'ingo, umugozi wo ku ruhande n'umugozi w'inyuma. Ubunini bwo kunyerera ntibwashoboraga kugera ku rugero rusanzwe, byagaragazaga imiterere idahwitse y'ubudodo bwo kuzunguruka n'ubwo kuzunguruka mu gitambaro cy'imbere ndetse n'ubuto buto, byagize ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku kuntu bwambaye ndetse bikanadashobora kwambarwa.
5.Kumenagura, gushwanyagura cyangwa gukurura, imbaraga zo gusenya: imbaraga zo gusenya ziyobora umwenda kugira ngo ugire imbaraga ntarengwa zo gusenya; Imbaraga zo gusenya bivuga umwenda uboshye ni ikintu, ifunga, gushwanyagurika no gucika kw'imivuniko, ubudodo cyangwa umwenda ufata mu gace, ku buryo umwenda wacitsemo kabiri, kandi akenshi witwa gushwanyagurika: gushwanyagurika, gushwanyagurika kw'umutambara ibice bya mashini byatumije kwaguka no gushwanyagurika, ibi bimenyetso ntibiremezwa, bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku ngaruka zo gukoreshwa n'igihe cyo kuwukoresha.
6.Ingano ya fibre: igaragaza imiterere ya fibre n'ingano iri mu myenda. Ingano ya fibre ni amakuru y'ingenzi afasha umuguzi kugura ibicuruzwa kandi ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigena agaciro k'ibicuruzwa, bimwe bikitwa inkweto nkana, bikitwa impimbano, bimwe bikagaragaza ikintu uko byakabaye, bivanga igitekerezo, bigashuka umuguzi.
7. Kudashira kw'imyenda: bivuze urwego rwo kudashira kw'imyenda, gusaza ni ikintu gikomeye mu kwangirika kw'imyenda, bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku kuramba kw'imyenda.
8. Ibisabwa ku kudoda: harimo gupima ibipimo, inenge zo ku buso, kudoda, gutera ipasi, ubudodo, ibizinga n'itandukaniro ry'amabara, nibindi, kugira ngo harebwe uko bigaragara tubara inenge. By'umwihariko, abana bato nk'itsinda ry'abatishoboye, twahoraga twibanda ku kurinda ikintu, imyenda ikoreshwa n'abana ni ikintu kireba abana ku buryo butaziguye, umutekano wacyo, ihumure, ababyeyi n'umuryango wose ni byo byibandwaho. Urugero, ibisabwa ku bicuruzwa bifite zipu, uburebure bw'umugozi, ingano y'ikaravani, aho ikirango cy'ikirango gikomerera, ibisabwa ku mitako, n'ibisabwa ku gice cyo gucapa byose bikubiyemo umutekano.
(2)Imyenda yakoreshejwe, ibikoresho byaba hari ibintu byangiza. Ibipimo by'ingenzi ni:
Ibikubiye muri formaldehyde:
1.Formaldehyde ikunze gukoreshwa mu kurangiza resin y'imyenda y'ubudodo n'imyenda ivanze no kurangiza neza bimwe mu bikoresho by'imyenda. Ifite inshingano zo gutera ipasi, kudacika intege, kudacika iminkanyari no koroshya gusiba. Imyenda ikozwe irimo formaldehyde nyinshi, formaldehyde mu gihe abantu bambaye izarekurwa buhoro buhoro, guhumeka no gukora ku ruhu mu mubiri w'umuntu, formaldehyde mu mubiri w'uruhago rw'ubuhumekero n'uruhu bitera imbaraga nyinshi, bigatera indwara zifitanye isano kandi bishobora gutera kanseri, gufata formaldehyde nke igihe kirekire bishobora gutera kubura ubushake bwo kurya, kugabanya ibiro, intege nke, ibimenyetso nk'ibitotsi, Uburozi ku bana bugaragazwa nka asima, tracheitis, ubusembwa bwa chromosomes, no kugabanuka k'ubudahangarwa.
Agaciro ka 2.PH
Agaciro ka PH ni igipimo gikunze gukoreshwa kigaragaza imbaraga za aside na alkalinity, muri rusange hagati ya 0 ~ 14. Uruhu rw'umuntu rufite urwego rwa aside idakomeye kugira ngo hirindwe ko indwara zinjira. Kubwibyo, imyenda, cyane cyane ibicuruzwa bihura n'uruhu, bigira ingaruka ku ruhu iyo agaciro ka pH gashobora kugenzurwa mu rugero rwa aside idakomeye cyangwa idakomeye. Iyo bitabaye ibyo, bishobora kubabaza uruhu, bigatera kwangirika k'uruhu, bagiteri, n'indwara.
3. Kwihuta kw'amabara
Gukomeza ibara bivuze ubushobozi bw'imyenda irangi cyangwa icapishijwe bwo kugumana ibara ryayo ry'umwimerere n'ubwiza (cyangwa kudashira) bitewe n'ibintu bitandukanye byo hanze mu gihe cyo gusiga irangi, gucapa cyangwa gukoresha. Gukomeza ibara ntibifitanye isano gusa n'ubwiza bw'imyenda, ahubwo binafitanye isano itaziguye n'ubuzima n'umutekano w'umubiri w'umuntu. Imyenda, amarangi cyangwa ibara ridakomeye bishobora kwimurirwa ku ruhu byoroshye, kandi ibintu byangiza organic na iyoni zikomeye biri muri byo bishobora kwinjizwa n'umubiri w'umuntu binyuze mu ruhu. Mu bihe byoroheje, bishobora gutuma abantu barya; mu bihe bikomeye, bishobora gutera erythema na papules ku ruhu, ndetse bigatera kanseri. By'umwihariko, igipimo cy'ibara ry'amacandwe n'ibyuya by'imyenda y'abana ni ingenzi cyane. Impinja n'abana bashobora kwinjiza ibara binyuze mu macandwe no ku byuya, kandi amarangi mabi mu myenda azagira ingaruka mbi ku bana bato n'abana.
4. Impumuro idasanzwe
Imyenda idakwiye ikunze kujyana n'impumuro runaka, kuba hari impumuro igaragaza ko hari ibisigazwa byinshi bya shimi ku myenda, ari na cyo kimenyetso cyoroshye ku baguzi gusuzuma. Nyuma yo gufungura, imyenda ishobora gufatwa nk'aho ifite impumuro iyo impumuro imwe cyangwa nyinshi za peteroli ishyushye cyane, peteroli, peteroli, amafi, cyangwa hydrocarboni zihumura neza.
5. Amarangi ya Azo yabujijwe
Irangi rya azo ubwaryo ribujijwe kandi nta ngaruka zitaziguye zitera kanseri, ariko mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, cyane cyane iyo ibara ridakora neza, igice cy'irangi cyimurirwa ku ruhu rw'umuntu kivuye mu mwenda, mu gihe cy'imikorere isanzwe y'umubiri w'umuntu, ibintu biva mu mubiri we bikagabanuka bitewe no kugabanuka kwa amine ihumura, ikagenda yinjizwa buhoro buhoro n'umubiri w'umuntu binyuze mu ruhu, igatera indwara mu mubiri, ndetse n'imiterere ya ADN y'umwimerere ishobora guhindura umubiri w'umuntu, itera kanseri n'ibindi.
6. Amarangi yo gutandukanya
Ibara ry’uruhu riterwa n’ubwivumbure risobanura ibara ry’uruhu rishobora gutera ubwivumbure bw’uruhu, mu rukenyerero cyangwa inzira y’ubuhumekero ku bantu cyangwa inyamaswa. Kuri ubu, habonetse ubwoko 27 bw’irangi ry’uruhu riterwa n’ubwivumbure, harimo ubwoko 26 bw’irangi riterwa n’ubwivumbure n’ubwoko bumwe bw’irangi riterwa n’ubwivumbure. Ibara ry’uruhu rikoreshwa mu gusiga irangi ku bintu bikozwe mu buryo bw’umwimerere cyangwa bivanze na polyester, polyamide na acetate.
7. Ibyuma bikomeye
Gukoresha irangi ry’ibyuma bivangavanze ni isoko y’ingenzi y’ibyuma biremereye mu myenda kandi insinga z’ibimera karemano zishobora no kwinjiza ibyuma biremereye mu butaka cyangwa mu mwuka wanduye mu gihe cyo gukura no gutunganya. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho by’imyenda nka zipu, utubuto nabyo bishobora kuba birimo ibintu by’ibyuma biremereye. Ibisigazwa byinshi by’ibyuma biremereye mu myenda bizatera uburozi bukomeye iyo umubiri w’umuntu winjijwe mu ruhu.
8. Ibisigazwa by'imiti yica udukoko
Ahanini iboneka mu miti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu byuma karemano (ipamba), ibisigazwa by’imiti yica udukoko mu myenda muri rusange imiterere yayo ihamye, bigorana kuyihinduramo umwuka, kuyihinduramo umwuka, uburozi, umubiri w’umuntu unyuze mu ruhu kugira ngo ikomeze kuba myiza. Ituze riba mu ngingo z’umubiri, ndetse n’umwijima, impyiko, umutima, nko kwivanga no gusohora imisemburo isanzwe mu mubiri. Irekurwa ry’imitsi, imikorere y’umubiri, nibindi.
9. Gushya kw'imyenda isanzwe
Nubwo hari uburyo burenga icumi bwo gupima imikorere y’imyenda, ariko ihame ryo gupima rishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: kimwe ni ugupima icyitegererezo cy’imyenda yoroheje mu bipimo bitandukanye bya ogisijeni, azote, igipimo cy’ibikenewe kugira ngo umuriro ukomeze gutwikwa mu myuka ivanze, ingano ya ogisijeni (izwi kandi nka index ya ogisijeni igarukira), naho index ya ogisijeni igarukira ivuga imikorere y’imyenda. Muri rusange, uko index ya ogisijeni igarukira hasi, ni ko imyenda ishobora gutwikwa. Icya kabiri ni ukwitegereza no kugerageza aho umuriro w’imyenda ugarukira hanyuma hagatangira gutwikwa (harimo no gutwikwa k’umwotsi). Mu ihame ryo gupima, hari index nyinshi zigaragaza imikorere y’imyenda. Hari index z’imiterere zisobanura imiterere y’umuriro, nko kumenya niba icyitegererezo cyatwitswe, gushonga, karubone, gushonga, gushonga, gushonga, gucika, gucika no gushonga, nibindi. Hariho kandi ibipimo by’imibare bisobanura imiterere y’umuriro, nk’uburebure cyangwa ubugari bw’umuriro (cyangwa igipimo cyo gutwika), igihe cyo gutwika, igihe cyo gukomeza, igihe cyo gushyuha, igihe cyo gukwirakwira kw’umuriro, agace kangiritse n’umubare w’umuriro, nibindi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-10-2021