Hamwe niterambere ryabantu niterambere ryumuryango, ibyo abantu bakeneye imyenda ntabwo ari imirimo yoroshye gusa, ahubwo binita cyane kumutekano wabo nubuzima bwabo, kurengera ibidukikije n’ibidukikije. Muri iki gihe, iyo abantu bashyigikiye ikoreshwa ry’ibidukikije n’icyatsi, umutekano w’imyenda ukurura abantu benshi. Ikibazo cyo kumenya niba imyenda yangiza umubiri wumuntu yabaye kimwe mubice byingenzi abantu bitondera usibye ubuvuzi nibiryo.
Imyenda bivuga fibre naturel na fibre fibre nkibikoresho fatizo, binyuze mukuzunguruka, kuboha, gusiga irangi nubundi buryo bwo gutunganya cyangwa kudoda, guhuriza hamwe nubundi buryo bwikoranabuhanga kandi bikozwe mubicuruzwa. Harimo imyenda yimyenda, imyenda ishushanya, imyenda yinganda.
Imyenda irimo:(1) imyenda y'ubwoko bwose; (2) ubwoko bwose bwimyenda yimyenda ikoreshwa mugukora imyenda; (3) umurongo, padi, kuzuza, umugozi wo gushushanya, umugozi wo kudoda nibindi bikoresho.
Imyenda ishushanya irimo: (1) ibintu byo mu nzu - umwenda (umwenda, umwenda), imyenda yo kumeza (napkins, igitambaro cyo kumeza), imyenda yo mu nzu (imyenda yubukorikori bwa sofa, igipfukisho cyibikoresho), imitako yimbere (imitako yigitanda, itapi); . (3) Ibikoresho byo hanze (amahema, umutaka, nibindi).
I .Imikorere myiza yimyenda
(1) Ibicuruzwa byerekana umutekano bisabwa. Ibipimo nyamukuru ni:
1.Igipimo gihamye: kigabanijwe cyane cyane mubipimo byimpinduka zogusukura byumye nigipimo cyimpinduka zo gukaraba. Yerekeza ku gipimo cyo guhindura ibipimo by'imyenda nyuma yo gukaraba cyangwa gusukura byumye hanyuma bikuma. Ubwiza bwumutekano bugira ingaruka itaziguye kumikorere yimyenda ningaruka zo kwambara.
2.Imbaraga zifatika zifata: mu ikositimu, amakoti n'ishati, umwenda utwikiriwe n'igitambaro cyo kudoda cyangwa kudoda, ku buryo umwenda ufite gukomera no kwihangana, mu gihe bituma abakiriya batoroha guhinduka no gusohoka. y'imiterere mugikorwa cyo kwambara, gukina uruhare rwa "skeleton" yimyenda. Muri icyo gihe, birakenewe kandi gukomeza imbaraga zifatika hagati yumurongo wiziritse nigitambara nyuma yo kwambara no gukaraba.
3.Kuzuza: Kwuzura bivuga urwego rwo guswera umwenda nyuma yo guterana. Isura yimyenda iba mibi nyuma yo gusya, bigira ingaruka muburyo bwiza.
4.Gushushanya kunyerera cyangwa kunyerera: kunyerera ntarengwa yintambara kure yurutoki iyo urutoki rutsindagiye kandi rurambuye. Mubisanzwe bivuga urwego rwohejuru rwibicuruzwa byingenzi byimyenda yimyenda nkikiganza cyamaboko, icyuma cyamaboko, icyuma cyuruhande hamwe ninyuma yinyuma. Urwego rwo kunyerera ntirwashoboraga kugera ku gipimo gisanzwe, cyerekanaga imiterere idakwiye y’imyenda y’intambara hamwe n’imyenda idoda mu bikoresho bitondekanye ndetse n’uburemere buke, byagize ingaruka ku buryo bugaragara bwo kwambara ndetse ntibishobora no kwambara.
5.Kumena, gutanyagura cyangwa gukubita, kumena imbaraga: kumena imbaraga ziyobora umwenda kwihanganira imbaraga ntarengwa; Imbaraga zamarira zerekeza kumyenda iboshywe ni ikintu, ikariso, guturika kwaho no guturika, umugozi cyangwa igitambaro cyo gufatira hafi, kuburyo umwenda watanyaguwe mo kabiri, kandi bikunze kwitwa amarira: guturika, guturika byerekana imyenda ibice byahamagaye kwaguka no guturika ibintu, ibi bipimo ntabwo byujuje ibisabwa, bigira ingaruka zitaziguye no gukoresha ubuzima bwa serivisi.
6.Ibirimo bya fibre: bisobanura fibre yibigize hamwe nubunini bukubiye mumyenda. Ibirimo bya fibre namakuru yingenzi yingenzi ategeka abaguzi kugura ibicuruzwa nimwe mubintu byingenzi bigena agaciro k'ibicuruzwa, bimwe bitambuka nkana kuri shod, gutambutsa impimbano, ibimenyetso bimwe kubushake, kwitiranya ibitekerezo, kubeshya abaguzi.
7. kwihanganira kwambara: bivuga urwego rwo kurwanya imyenda yo kwambara, kwambara nikintu kinini cyangirika kwimyenda, bigira ingaruka kuburyo burambye kumyenda.
8.Ibisabwa byo kudoda bigaragara: harimo gupima ibipimo, ubusembwa bwubuso, kudoda, ibyuma, umugozi, irangi nibitandukaniro ryamabara, nibindi, kugirango usuzume isura ubara inenge. By'umwihariko, impinja nk'itsinda ryugarijwe n'ibibazo, buri gihe twibanze ku kurinda icyo kintu, impinja zikoresha imyenda ni imikoranire itaziguye n'ibikenerwa buri munsi by'abana, umutekano, ihumure, ababyeyi ndetse na sosiyete yose nibyo byibandwaho. Kurugero, ibisabwa mubicuruzwa bifite zipper, uburebure bwumugozi, ubunini bwa cola, umwanya wo kudoda ikirango kiranga ikirango kirambye, ibisabwa kumitako, nibisabwa mugice cyo gucapa byose birimo umutekano.
(2) Imyenda ikoreshwa, ibikoresho niba hari ibintu byangiza. Ibipimo nyamukuru ni：
Ibirimo bya fordehide:
1.Formaldehyde ikoreshwa kenshi muburyo bwo kurangiza fibre yuzuye yimyenda yimyenda hamwe nigitambara kivanze no kurangiza ibicuruzwa bimwe byimyenda. Ifite imikorere yicyuma cyubusa, kugabanuka, kutagira inkeke no kwanduza byoroshye. Imyenda yimyenda irimo fordehide ikabije, formaldehyde mugikorwa cyabantu bambara izarekurwa buhoro buhoro, guhumeka no guhura nuruhu binyuze mumubiri wumuntu, formaldehyde mumubiri wimyanya yubuhumekero mucous membrane hamwe nuruhu bitanga imbaraga zikomeye, bitera indwara zifitanye isano kandi bishobora gutera kanseri, gufata igihe kirekire formehide irashobora gutera kubura ubushake bwo kurya, gutakaza ibiro, intege nke, ibimenyetso nko kudasinzira, Uburozi bwimpinja bugaragarira nka asima, tracheite, chromosomal idasanzwe, no kugabanuka kwinshi.
Agaciro
Agaciro PH nigipimo gikunze gukoreshwa cyerekana imbaraga za aside na alkaline, muri rusange hagati ya 0 ~ 14. Uruhu rwumuntu rutwara aside irike kugirango irinde indwara kwinjira. Kubwibyo, imyenda, cyane cyane ibicuruzwa bihura neza nuruhu, bigira ingaruka zo kurinda uruhu niba agaciro ka pH gashobora kugenzurwa murwego rwa neutre na aside idakomeye. Niba atari byo, irashobora kurakaza uruhu, igatera kwangirika kwuruhu, bagiteri, nindwara.
3. Kwihuta kw'amabara
Kwihuta kw'amabara bivuga ubushobozi bw'imyenda irangi cyangwa yacapishijwe kugirango igumane ibara ryayo ryambere kandi irabagirana (cyangwa ntizishire) munsi y'ibikorwa bitandukanye byo hanze mugihe cyo gusiga irangi, gucapa cyangwa gukoresha. Kwihuta kw'amabara ntabwo bifitanye isano gusa nubwiza bwibicuruzwa byimyenda, ahubwo bifitanye isano nubuzima numutekano byumubiri wumuntu. Ibicuruzwa byimyenda, amarangi cyangwa pigment bifite umuvuduko muke wamabara birashobora kwimurwa byoroshye kuruhu, kandi ibinyabuzima byangiza hamwe nibyuma biremereye ion zirimo bishobora kwinjizwa numubiri wumuntu binyuze muruhu. Mugihe cyoroshye, barashobora gutuma abantu barwara; mubihe bikomeye, birashobora gutera erythma na papula hejuru yuruhu, ndetse bigatera kanseri. By'umwihariko, amacandwe n'ibyuya byerekana ibara ryihuta ry'ibicuruzwa by'uruhinja ni ngombwa cyane. Impinja n'abana barashobora gukuramo ibara binyuze mumacandwe no kubira ibyuya, kandi amarangi yangiza mumyenda azatera ingaruka mbi kubana ndetse nabana.
4. Impumuro idasanzwe
Imyenda itujuje ubuziranenge akenshi iherekezwa numunuko runaka, kubaho kunuka byerekana ko hari ibisigazwa byimiti bikabije kumyenda, nicyo kimenyetso cyoroshye kubakoresha guca imanza. Nyuma yo gufungura, imyenda irashobora gufatwa nkimpumuro iyo ihumura kimwe cyangwa byinshi bya peteroli, peteroli nyinshi, peteroli, amafi, cyangwa hydrocarbone nziza.
5.Ibara rya Azo ryabujijwe
Irangi rya azo ryabujijwe ubwaryo kandi nta ngaruka ziterwa na kanseri itaziguye, ariko mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, cyane cyane umuvuduko ukabije w'amabara, igice cy'irangi kizimurirwa ku ruhu rw'umuntu ruva mu mwenda, mu gihe cyo guhinduranya bisanzwe mu gusohora k'umubiri w'umuntu. ya catalizike yibinyabuzima igabanuka rya amine aromatic, igenda yinjizwa buhoro buhoro numubiri wumuntu binyuze muruhu, bigatera indwara yumubiri, ndetse nuburyo ADN yambere ishobora guhindura umubiri wumuntu, Bitera kanseri nibindi.
6. Amabara atandukanye
Allergic dyestuff bivuga amarangi amwe ashobora gutera uruhu, ururenda cyangwa imyanya y'ubuhumekero allergie yabantu cyangwa inyamaswa. Kugeza ubu, habonetse amoko 27 y’amabara akanguriwe, harimo amoko 26 y’irangi ritatanye hamwe n’ubwoko 1 bwa irangi. Amabara atatanye akoreshwa mugusiga irangi cyangwa ivanze rya polyester, polyamide na acetate fibre.
7.Icyuma kiremereye
Gukoresha irangi risize irangi ni isoko yingenzi yibyuma biremereye mumyenda kandi fibre yibimera irashobora kandi gukuramo ibyuma biremereye biva mubutaka cyangwa ikirere cyanduye mugihe cyo gukura no gutunganya. Mubyongeyeho, ibikoresho byimyenda nka zipper, buto birashobora kandi kuba birimo ibyuma biremereye byubusa. Ibisigazwa by'ibyuma biremereye cyane mu myenda bizatera uburozi bukomeye bwo guhumeka bimaze kwinjizwa n'umubiri w'umuntu binyuze mu ruhu.
8.Ibisigisigi byica udukoko
Ahanini ibaho mumiti yica udukoko (pamba), ibisigisigi byica udukoko mumyenda muri rusange ni imiterere ihamye, bigoye okiside, kubora, uburozi, byinjizwa numubiri wumuntu binyuze muruhu kugirango bikusanyirize hamwe bibaho mumyanya yumubiri, ndetse numwijima, impyiko, kwirundanya kw'umutima, nko kubangamira gusohora bisanzwe kwa synthesis mumubiri. Kurekura, metabolism, nibindi
9.Gutwika imyenda rusange
Nubwo hari uburyo bwo gukora ibizamini birenga icumi byo gutwika imyenda, ariko ihame ryo kwipimisha rirashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bibiri: kimwe nukugerageza icyitegererezo cyimyenda yoroheje muburyo butandukanye bwa ogisijeni, azote, ijanisha ryibintu bikenewe kugirango ikomeze gutwikwa mu myuka ivanze, ibirimo ogisijeni (bizwi kandi ko urugero rwa ogisijeni ntarengwa), hamwe n’urugero rwa ogisijeni ntarengwa rwavuze ko imikorere yo gutwika imyenda.Muri rusange, uko igipimo cya ogisijeni ntarengwa, niko imyenda ishobora gutwikwa. Iya kabiri ni ukureba no kugerageza imyenda ya flame point hanyuma ikabaho gutwikwa (harimo no gutwika umwotsi) .Mu ihame ryikizamini, hariho indangagaciro nyinshi ziranga imikorere yo gutwika imyenda. Hano hari ibipimo byujuje ubuziranenge kugirango bisobanure ibiranga gutwikwa, nko kumenya niba icyitegererezo cyatwitswe, gushonga, karubone, pyrolysis, kugabanuka, gutonyanga no gushonga, n'ibindi. Hariho kandi ibipimo byerekana umubare wo gutwika, nk'uburebure cyangwa ubugari ( cyangwa igipimo cyo gutwikwa), igihe cyo gutwika, igihe cyo gukomeza, igihe cyo gucana, ikirimi cyakwirakwiriye, agace kangiritse n'umubare w'umuriro, n'ibindi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-10-2021